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Banksia attenuata
''Banksia attenuata'', commonly known as the candlestick banksia, slender banksia or biara as known by the Nyoongar Aboriginal people, is a species of plant in the proteaceae family. Commonly a tree, it reaches high, but is often a shrub in dryer areas high. It has long narrow serrated leaves and bright yellow inflorescences, or flower spikes, held above the foliage, which appear in spring and summer. The flower spikes age to grey and swell with the development of the woody follicles. It is found across much of the southwest of Western Australia, from north of Kalbarri National Park down to Cape Leeuwin and across to Fitzgerald River National Park.
John Lindley had named material collected by James Drummond ''Banksia cylindrostachya'' in 1840, but this proved to be the same as the species named ''Banksia attenuata'' by Robert Brown 30 years earlier in 1810, and thus Brown's name took precedence. Within the genus ''Banksia'', the close relationships and exact position of ''B. attenuata'' is unclear.
The candlestick banksia is pollinated by and provides food for a wide array of vertebrate and invertebrate animals in summer months. Several species of honeyeater visit the flower spikes, as does the honey possum, which has an important role as a pollinator. It regenerates from bushfire by regrowing from its woody base known as a lignotuber, or from epicormic buds within its trunk. Plants may have a lifespan of 300 years. It has been widely used as a street tree and for amenities planting in urban Western Australia, though its large size generally precludes use in small gardens. A dwarf form is commercially available in nurseries.
==Description==
''Banksia attenuata'' is generally encountered as a tree up to tall. In the north of its range as the climate becomes warmer and dryer, it is often a stunted multistemmed shrub tall. Both forms occur in the vicinity of Hill River but there is otherwise a marked demarcation. In the Wheatbelt and east of the Stirling Range, it is a stunted tree. Tree forms have a solid trunk, generally wavy or bent, with thick crumbly orange-grey bark which is a red-brown underneath. It regenerates from fire via lignotuber or epicormic buds from its fire-tolerant trunk. It has long narrow shiny green linear leaves long and wide.〔 The leaf margins have v- or u-shaped serrations along their length. The new growth is a pale grey-green, and occurs mainly in the late spring and summer,〔, pp. 54–55〕 often after flowering. The brilliant yellow inflorescences (flower spikes) occur from spring into summer and are up wide and up to tall.〔 They are made up of many small individual flowers; a study at Mount Adams north of Perth revealed a count of 1933 (± a standard error of 88) flowers per inflorescence,〔 〕 and another in the Fitzgerald River National Park yielded a count of 1720 (± 76) flowers. Anthesis proceeds up the flower spike over about 10 to 20 days, and is asynchronous. That is, a plant produces flower spikes over a several week period and will thus have spikes at different stages of development over the flowering season. Often bright green in bud stage, they are terminal, occurring at the ends of one- to three-year-old branches, and displayed prominently above the foliage.〔 The smell of the open flowers has been likened to a peppery Shiraz wine.〔 Over time, the spikes fade to brown and then grey,〔 and the individual flowers shrivel and lie against the spikes. This coincides with the development of dark furry oval follicles, which measure long, high, and wide.〔 However, only a very small percentage (0.1%) of flowers develop into follicles; the field study at Mount Adams yielded a count of 3.6 ± 1.2 per cone.〔 The follicles develop and mature over seven to eight months, from February to December, while seed development occurs over four months from September to December.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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